Graph Engineering in the Era of LLM Agents: From Individual Intelligence to System Intelligence

Position/survey paper by 35 authors across Jilin University, HKUST, NTU, Westlake and others. Argues single-agent paradigms (Prompt / Context / Harness / Loop Engineering) hit a structural ceiling on tasks needing heterogeneous expertise, parallel execution, independent verification, and persistent state. Introduces 'System Intelligence' and proposes 'Graph Engineering' — explicit, dynamic, evolving graph structures for tasks, agents, and runtime state, organized around Task Organization, Agent Coordination, and Runtime State Management views.